Citizens and opposition parties organize for a fair election process in Lesotho,
Summary
King Moshoeshoe had previously been exiled for trying to amend the constitution to allocate more power to the throne. [source: nv-database]
Tactics used
Tactics used
Background
The Basotho Congress Party came into power in the democratic elections of 1993 [source: nv-database]. Lesotho, a kingdom, possessed a system of government that was characterized by the presence of both a monarch and elected officials. The monarch at the time of the elections, King Letsie III, made an attempt to persuade the newly elected BCP government to reinstate his father, King Moshoeshoe II, as king. [source: nv-database]
What happened
King Moshoeshoe had previously been exiled for trying to amend the constitution to allocate more power to the throne. When his attempt to amend the constitution failed, King Letsie III orchestrated a military coup of the BCP government. After negotiations, however, the BCP government was reinstated and King Moshoeshoe II assumed the throne once more. Two years after, King Moshoeshoe died and King Letsie III returned to the throne. The political climate would continue to worsen in the years to come. Ntsu Mokhehle, Lesotho’s Prime Minister and the leader of the BCP, announced on June 7, 1997 that he would be leaving the BCP to start a new political party. Internal tension within the BCP contributed to the move and Mokhehle took the opportunity to found the Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD). Several opposition parties issued a joint statement calling the Prime Minister’s actions “an illegal usurpation of democracy.” Nine days later, a coalition of the opposition groups organized a protest march to the Royal Palace in Maseru, Lesotho. 10,000 people participated in the protest that called for the Prime Minister’s resignation. A similar march followed the week after that. The government responded with a ban on marches to the Royal Palace, but the ban only prompted more marches of over 100 people to the Royal Palace in July. In addition to the ongoing marches, the opposition parties also circulated a petition, which stated that the Prime Minister’s actions had been unconstitutional. The petition asked the King to “prepare for just elections as soon as possible.” The petition was presented to the King’s private secretary who assured the protesters that it would be given to the King. Meanwhile, demonstrations continued to escalate. On July 2, the opposition alliance organized a demonstration that featured 12,000 participants. Following the mass demonstration, the chairman of the opposition alliance, Moketse Malebo, told the local media to expect “an escalation of civil disobedience.” 1998, an election year, would see the escalation that Malebo mentioned. The elections of 1998 were held on May 23 and the LCD won 79 of a possible 80 parliamentary seats. One opposition party, the Basotho National Party (BNP), claimed one seat. In response to the election results, thousands of opposition supporters marched to the Royal Palace in Maseru, Lesotho. The sentiments of the opposition supporters were amplified when a statistical analysis of the elections results showed that eight times more voters were born on January 1 than any other day. This led many campaigners to believe that the LCD had manipulated the results of the election. The BCP, BNP, and the Marematlou Freedom Party (MFP) organized a vigil at the gates of the Royal Palace on August 4. Eight days into the vigil, soldiers fired tear gas canisters into the crowd to scare them off, but the crowd of several hundred remained and continued singing. The vigil eventually came to an end two days later when a shootout broke out and nine people were injured. Allegedly, 200 LCD supporters marched into the crowd of opposition supporters and each group attacked the other. That same week, two people died in a scuffle between opposition supporters and LCD supporters. The campaigners learned of a small victory when, in late August, an interim report suggested that the Lesotho’s Independent Electoral Commission had mishandled the election. Opposition sources later argued that up to 98% of the electoral results had been mishandled. Following the oppositions’ accusations, the LCD government released a statement saying that a mishandling of the election did mean that election fraud had occurred. The 98% figure was also highly contested by the LCD. After the initial controversy regarding the election results, the commission that filed the report announced on September 14 that it planned to postpone releasing the report in its entirety. In response, protesters marched from the Royal Palace in Maseru to the government complex where South African and Lesotho public officials were meeting. Two days later, protesters began seizing official government vehicles as the officials were driving to work. The protesters then drove the vehicles to the Royal Palace in Maseru. Just when anarchy appeared to be in the near future, the LCD government and the opposition parties sat down for negotiations in October of 1998. The two sides agreed that Lesotho should have another election 18 months from October, but the two sides also differed on what should happen leading up to the new elections. The LCD wished to remain in power until then, while the opposition alliance wished to have a transitional government be put in place until the next election. After a day-long meeting, the two sides agreed to let the LCD government remain in control until the new elections. 17 months later, in May of 2000, the opposition alliance began pressing for the new election to take place. On May 3, an anonymous opposing force called for a general strike to happen on May 10, but no one participated in the strike. Another general strike was called for by the BNP on August 7. Like the previous attempt at a general strike, this one also failed to attract any participants. No elections were held in 2000. [source: nv-database]
Key people & organizations
- Basotho National Party (BNP), Basotholand Congress Party (BCP), Marematlou Freedom Party (MFP), Moketse Malebo
- Not known
Outcome
Verdict: won.
GNVAD scoring: 4 out of 6 points Survival 1 out of 1 points Growth 2 out of 3 points Total points 7 out of 10 points [source: nv-database]
The opposition parties set out to have a more fair election system be established and the election system was reformed to include 40 additional seats based on proportional representation. The 33-member senate voted to support the legislation with 22 of the 33 senators voting in support. Unfortunately for the opposition parties, the party in power remained in power after the election of 2002. It is worth pointing out that the opposition parties benefited greatly from the additional 40 seats; they won all of them. [source: nv-database]
Lessons
- Sustained nonviolent action by organised workers or citizens can extract concessions from entrenched political or economic opponents. [source: nv-database]
- Internal organising across multiple sites or sectors amplifies pressure on a single opponent. [source: nv-database]
- External solidarity — regional, transnational, or movement-led — broadens a campaign’s reach and durability. [source: nv-database]
Sources
- Global Nonviolent Action Database — Citizens and opposition parties organize for a fair election process in Lesotho, 1997 – 2002 —
[[nv-database]]
Disclaimer: Included as a teaching example of campaign craft, not as endorsement.
Sources & verification
nv-database— grounding: primary — license: link-only (CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0)- Verified 2026-07-04 against
RAW/citizens-and-opposition-parties-organize-fair-election-process-lesotho-1997-2002.md.