Congolese Trade Unions' Confederation strikes for trade union independence,
Summary
On September 14, the CSC called a general strike to protest the government’s involvement within the trade union movement, and its recent termination of a CSC congress. The government, up until then, had prevented trade unions from legally acting independently. The strike crippled the country, halting traffic between Brazzaville (the nation’s capital) and Pointe-Noire (the country’s eco [source: nv-database]
Tactics used
Tactics used
Background
From September to October 1990, the Congolese Trade Unions’ Confederation (CSC) conducted several strikes aimed at ending privatization, increasing wages, achieving legal trade union independence, and stopping lay-offs. The CSC almost exclusively used strikes to further its demands. [source: nv-database]
What happened
On September 14, the CSC called a general strike to protest the government’s involvement within the trade union movement, and its recent termination of a CSC congress. The government, up until then, had prevented trade unions from legally acting independently. The strike crippled the country, halting traffic between Brazzaville (the nation’s capital) and Pointe-Noire (the country’s economic capital), and disrupting banks, river ferries, and air transportation. In response, president Denis Sassou-Nguesso offered some minor concessions to workers and urged them to return to work, but the strike continued. Strike leaders also refused to recognize the new congress of trade unions set up by the government. After three days of the strike, President Sassou-Nguesso addressed the nation and made several concessions, which convinced the CSC to suspend the strike. The government allowed the CSC congress to continue, and followed all of its recommendations. Two weeks later, President Sassou-Nguesso again spoke to the nation about his commitment to moving toward a multi-party democracy, in which he mentioned the strike as a cause for his decision. On October 11, the CSC announced another strike to protest the privatization of Hydro-Congo, an oil company, by the Congolese government. The planned privatization would have caused 650 workers to be laid off. By the 13th, the strike had spread to Elf and Agip oil companies, but these strikes ended when management granted pay increases. Workers in fuel distribution, municipal service, and transport also struck in Pointe-Noire. This created a petrol shortage. City councilmen also requisitioned city buses that had been privatized by the government. Reports also surfaced that some protestors had rioted and looted schools and private homes. On the 14th, the government announced it would halt further privatization due to the strikes, but the President condemned the strikes and suggested “dark forces” were their cause. On the same day, however, the government and the CSC held a meeting with the intention of settling the differences between the two sides. The meeting addressed the freezing of financial compensation for promotions, the right of collective bargaining, restructuring the Civil Service, auditing procedures, and defining the links between state enterprises and corresponding ministries. Following the meeting, leaders lifted the freeze on compensation for promotion, organizers set up future meetings on the right to collective bargaining, on the restructuring of the Civil Service, and on evaluating audits. Also, both sides agreed that ministries had a limited role in running state enterprises, and more exactly defined the jobs of the ministries. Finally, leaders agreed to weekly meetings to hash out any remaining disagreements. In the end, the campaign achieved all of its goals, and even instigated the transition to a multi-party democracy. Research Notes Influences Beginning in February of 1990, teachers and students struck in the Congo, which created an atmosphere in which organizations realized strikes were effective means of achieving their goals (1). [source: nv-database]
Key people & organizations
- Congolese Trade Unions’ Confederation (CSC)
- Not known
Outcome
Verdict: won.
GNVAD scoring: 6 out of 6 points Survival 1 out of 1 points Growth 3 out of 3 points Total points 10 out of 10 points [source: nv-database]
Although this campaign is not considered part of the wave, it is likely that the President’s decision to move towards a multi-party democracy was influenced by the wave of African Democracy Campaigns (early 1990s). Five days after the end of the the CSC strike, an unrelated labor movement also held a general strike to protest the process through which employees negotiated with employers. (2) Sources Congo General Strike Continues [source: nv-database]
Lessons
- Sustained nonviolent action by organised workers or citizens can extract concessions from entrenched political or economic opponents. [source: nv-database]
- Internal organising across multiple sites or sectors amplifies pressure on a single opponent. [source: nv-database]
- External solidarity — regional, transnational, or movement-led — broadens a campaign’s reach and durability. [source: nv-database]
Sources
- Global Nonviolent Action Database — Congolese Trade Unions’ Confederation strikes for trade union independence, 1990 —
[[nv-database]]
Disclaimer: Included as a teaching example of campaign craft, not as endorsement.
Sources & verification
nv-database— grounding: primary — license: link-only (CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0)- Verified 2026-07-04 against
RAW/congolese-trade-unions-confederation-strikes-trade-union-independence-1990.md.