Where it took place
| Type | Place |
|---|---|
| Region | North America |
| Country | United States |
Campaign at a glance
In 1960, students from Florida A&M University and high schools in Tallahassee, Florida, conducted sit-ins and boycotts to desegregate public places. [src] Inspired by the Greensboro sit-ins, they faced arrests, tear gas, and opposition from local officials and segregationist groups. [src] Despite sustained efforts, the campaign did not achieve its immediate goals, though it contributed to the broader civil rights movement. [src]
Tactics used
Background
Tallahassee, Florida, was a segregated city sometimes called ‘little Mississippi.’ In 1956, a bus boycott had occurred, but segregation remained widespread. Students from Florida A&M University, a historically Black college, sought to desegregate public places such as lunch counters and buses. The campaign aimed to end racial discrimination in public accommodations.
What happened
Lead photo. — Wikimedia Commons contributor (CC BY-SA 4.0). Source: tallahassee-florida-students-sit-in-for-u-s-civil-rights-1960.jpg
On February 13, 1960, eight Florida A&M and high school students sat in at a local Woolworth lunch counter for 2.5 hours without arrest [src]. A week later, on February 20, 11 students returned and were arrested after refusing to leave; they were charged with disturbing the peace and unlawful assembly [src]. Rev. [src] Daniel B. [src] Speed bailed them out [src]. Sit-ins continued on March 5 and March 12, with white Florida State University students joining; about 240 students were arrested [src]. On March 12, around 1,000 Florida A&M students marched downtown with posters, but were blocked by armed white men from the Local Citizen Council; six more were arrested [src]. The mayor ordered dispersal, and police used tear gas, hospitalizing several female students [src]. The governor confined students to campus [src]. CORE continued sit-ins until December 1960, but lacked broad support; the NAACP focused on boycotting downtown stores and published ‘Traitor Lists’ [src]. By early 1961, sit-ins were at a standstill and the FAMU CORE chapter dwindled [src].
Key people & organizations
- Patricia Stephens [src]
- Priscilla Stephens [src]
- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) [src]
- Florida A&M University [src]
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) [src]
- Rev. Daniel B. Speed [src]
- Florida State University students [src]
- Local Citizen Council [src]
- Governor of Florida [src]
- Mayor of Tallahassee [src]
Outcome
Verdict: partial.
The campaign did not achieve its goal of desegregating public places in Tallahassee during 1960, scoring 0 out of 6 points for success in demands [src]. However, the movement survived and grew nationally, and the broader goal of desegregation was later achieved [src]. The lack of success was attributed to a small black middle class, weak student organization, absence of a black newspaper or attorney, and unstable community class structure [src].
Lessons
- Sustained direct action combined with economic boycotts can maintain pressure even when immediate goals are not met.
- Lack of community infrastructure (e.g., newspapers, attorneys, stable middle class) can severely limit a campaign’s growth and effectiveness [src]
- Coalition-building with white allies can broaden participation but may not overcome deep-seated opposition and repression [src]
Sources
- Global Nonviolent Action Database —
nv-database
Disclaimer: Included as a teaching example of campaign craft, not as endorsement.
Sources & verification
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