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Zairian citizens initiate general strike to force dictator’s resignation (Dead City Strike), 1997

Summary

This army became formally known as the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (ADFLC). [source: nv-database]

Tactics used

Background

Mobutu Sese Seko became the president of Zaire in 1965. Mobutu’s presidency began after serving as a Chief of Staff of the Congolese Army during the Congo Crisis, which started off as a war of independence from Belgium. Soon after becoming president, Mobutu established an authoritarian government with a new constitution and a one political party system.   Laurent Kabila, a Marxist, united several anti-Mobutu forces into a rebel army in 1996. [source: nv-database]

What happened

This army became formally known as the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (ADFLC). Kabila launched a full-scale war to overthrow Mobutu in what would become known as the First Congo War. While Kabila’s forces progressed closer and closer to Zaire’s capital city of Kinshasa, Mobutu appointed Etienne Tshisekedi as Prime Minister. Tshisekedi had previously served under Mobutu as Prime Minister in 1991 and 1992, but had recently begun to resent some of Mobutu’s policies. Prior to his third appointment as Prime Minister, Tshisekedi had formed his own political party: the Democratic Union for Social Progress (DUSP).  Soon after his appointment, Tshisekedi undermined Mobutu’s authority; Tshisekedi discharged all of Parliament and the constitution. Mobutu did not approve of Tshisekedi’s behavior so he acted swiftly and quickly dismissed the prime minister within weeks of his appointment. Mobutu then replaced the former Prime Minister with an army general. Members of the Democratic Union for Social Progress, rebel forces, oppositional political parties, and other supporters of Tshisekedi united to protest the dismissal of the prime minister. It remains unclear as to how residents learned of the general strike, but it is believed that the various aforementioned groups were responsible for raising awareness of the impending strike. On April 14th 1997, nearly all of the 5 million residents of Kinshasa participated in a general strike.  Businesses, schools, and public transportation were all shut down; everyone stayed home and left the streets deserted. Supporters of Prime Minister Tshisekedi labeled Kinshasa a “dead city.” The strike proceeded peacefully with little response from Mobutu who was preoccupied with Kabila and his rebel forces. Kinshasa remained a “dead city” on April 15th as the strike continued. The strikers made it clear that they wanted Mobutu to resign and others also wanted Tshisekedi to be reinstated as prime minister. Willy Kashama, a local resident who stayed home from work to participate in the general strike, was quoted as saying, “We want change. We’re willing to accept anyone – even the devil should he arrive – if it will bring change.” The strike did not result in either of the goals being met and so the strike did not continue onto the next day. The strike, however, was very complementary to the actions of Kabila’s rebel forces; an ailing Mobutu now had to delegate resources to maintain order in Kinshasa and in its neighboring cities. By the second day of the general strike, the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo was just 160 miles away from the capital city of Kinshasa. The strikers would not strike again until ordered to do so a month later. In the meantime, Kabila and his army remained on the offensive. The United States, the United Nations, and the South African president, Nelson Mandela, all made pleas for a cease-fire. Their pleas went largely unanswered as the conflict continued. On several occasions, Mobutu and Kabila made arrangements to meet and discuss a peaceful surrender, but the two leaders never met. One such meeting was scheduled to happen on May 14th. Previously, Mobutu and Kabila had agreed to meet aboard a South African ship off the coast of Congo. When the various organizers of the first strike heard about the arranged meeting, they called for a second general strike to take place in Kinshasa on the same day as the meeting. This time, the supporters included a specific duration –3 days– with their call for a general strike. The goals of the strike remained the same: the resignation of President Mobutu and the reinstatement of Prime Minister Tshisekedi.   On May 14th, a month after the last general strike, a second general strike began and the city of Kinshasa was once again a “dead city.” The residents of Kinshasa retreated to the comfort of their homes as Kabila’s army reached the outskirts of the city. Kabila’s alliance released leaflets calling for the strikers to welcome the rebel forces as they came in to liberate Kinshasa. Opposition parties and moderate politicians began to speak out publicly against Mobutu, calling for a welcoming party to greet Kabila’s forces as they entered Kinshasa. In an attempt to defend the capital, Mobutu imposed a curfew from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. and demanded that the city’s residents help the army defend the city against the rebel forces. The residents ignored the order, and stayed inside their homes. Kabila did not attend the scheduled peace talk and his army entered Kinshasa. By the second day of the strike, Kabila’s forces had pushed Mobutu’s army to the edge of the city’s limits. The next day, on the 16th of May, Mobutu and his army fled the country.  The strike ended and Kabila appointed himself the new president. As president, Kabila ordered a violent act of restoration and renamed the country the “Democratic Republic of Congo.” Mobutu later died from prostate cancer on the 7th of September. [source: nv-database]

Key people & organizations

  • There were no known leaders [source: nv-database]
  • Supporters of Prime Minister Etienne Tshisekedi and opponents of Mobutu acted out together to organize and initiate the general strikes [source: nv-database]
  • Democratic Union for Social Progress (DUSP) – opposition party founded by former Prime Minister Etienne Tshisekedi [source: nv-database]

Outcome

Verdict: partial.

GNVAD scoring: 1 out of 6 points Survival 1 out of 1 points Growth 3 out of 3 points Total points 5 out of 10 points [source: nv-database]

Neither of the general strikes forced President Mobutu to resign or had Prime Minister Etienne Tshisekedi reinstated. The second strike did play a minutely significant role by clearing the streets and making room for the ADFLC to march through and defeat Mobutu’s forces, but the combination of an ailing Mobutu and an aggressive rebel army lead by Kabila were much more instrumental in the bringing about the eventual outcome. It also worth mentioning that Mobutu’s successor, Kabila, installed a new authoritarian regime that was not much different than Mobutu’s regime and so a second Congo War was needed to overthrow Kabila. The strikes lasted as long as the strikers intended them to last. The strikes had great support from the residents of Kinshasa and could have potentially lasted much longer. Almost all of Kinshasa’s 5 million citizens stayed at home and participated in the general strikes. Businesses, schools, and public transportation were all shut down, leaving the streets of Kinshasa almost deserted. [source: nv-database]

Lessons

  • Sustained nonviolent action by organised workers or citizens can extract concessions from entrenched political or economic opponents. [source: nv-database]
  • Internal organising across multiple sites or sectors amplifies pressure on a single opponent. [source: nv-database]
  • External solidarity — regional, transnational, or movement-led — broadens a campaign’s reach and durability. [source: nv-database]

Sources

Disclaimer: Included as a teaching example of campaign craft, not as endorsement.

Sources & verification

  • nv-database — grounding: primary — license: link-only (CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0)
  • Verified 2026-07-04 against RAW/zairian-citizens-initiate-general-strike-force-dictator-s-resignation-dead-city-strike-1997.md.

Last verified: 2026-07-09