Turkish political prisoners hunger strike for improved conditions, 1989

Summary

Tactics used

protests

Background

From late June to early September 1989, nearly 2,000 Turkish prisoners underwent a hunger strike. They protested against an August 1988 decree that instituted very harsh measures within the prison system. The Turkish government imposed the decree after 47 prisoners had escaped. Additionally, in June 1989, prison officials found two unfinished escape tunnels and, as a result, imposed even harsher measures. In late June and early July, a small group of prisoners began the hunger strike (in which participants only ingested sugared water and salt) with the goal of easing the harsh regulations. This small strike spread to 12 prisons and encompassed approximately 2,000 prisoners in less than a month. The demonstrators were almost all leftist political advocates or members of the outlawed Kurdish Labor Party. In the first week of August, Justice Minister Oltan Sungurlu accepted most of the strikers’ demands with regards to easing the harsh regulations. But he did not want to allow prisoners to receive outside food packages nor receive more lenient visiting rights. The prisoners were not satisfied, and they continued striking. By the second week in August, two of the hunger strikers were dead, ten were in life-threatening condition, and seventy-two were hospitalized. The two deaths received international attention, as well as attention from Human Rights Watch. The two men, Mehmet Yalcinkaya and Huseyin Husnu Eroglu, died after the prison officers transferred them, along with 260 other prisoners, to Aydin Prison. The officers allegedly chained the prisoners together on the ride over and once there, brutally beat many of the prisoners. Yalcinkaya and Huseyin died shortly thereafter. While the two were indeed participating in the hunger strike, there were very serious allegations that the two were beaten to death. At this point, the Turkish government agreed to meet some The protesters’ goal was to ease the harsh measures the Turkish government had imposed on the prisons… [source: nv-database]

What happened

riking. By the second week in August, two of the hunger strikers were dead, ten were in life-threatening condition, and seventy-two were hospitalized. The two deaths received international attention, as well as attention from Human Rights Watch. The two men, Mehmet Yalcinkaya and Huseyin Husnu Eroglu, died after the prison officers transferred them, along with 260 other prisoners, to Aydin Prison. The officers allegedly chained the prisoners together on the ride over and once there, brutally beat many of the prisoners. Yalcinkaya and Huseyin died shortly thereafter. While the two were indeed participating in the hunger strike, there were very serious allegations that the two were beaten to death. At this point, the Turkish government agreed to meet some of the prisoners’ demands by outlawing physical punishment in the jails. The hunger strike persisted despite this agreement. The physical punishment previously used (and admitted to) included chaining of prisoners, solitary confinement in dark cells, and bread-and-water diets. Mr. Akin Birdal, Secretary-General of the Turkish Human Rights Association, spoke with the hunger strikers in the Aydin prison around the time of this reform and found, however, that any measures to improve the prison system were extremely slow and would take years to work. At the end of August, a human rights organization called Helsinki Watch did a report on the Turkish prison system and found that while there was some evidence of improvements, there were still beatings. Prime Minister Turgut Ozal, meanwhile, sought to improve Turkey’s relations with the European Community (as to make the country a member). In order to do so, he wanted to increase the standards of the prison system up to Western European standards. Ozal declared that the government was spending increased parts of its budget on improving prison conditions and punishing those responsible for torture. Additionally, Ozal sought to give inmates more access to lawyers. With this compromise, the hunger strikers ended their two-month-long fast. Despite these promises, the prison system continued to be unsatisfactory, subject to more hunger strikes in the next two decades as reforms made the prisoners increasingly unhappy. Research Notes [source: nv-database]

Key people & organizations

Political prisoners [source: nv-database]
Human Rights Watch, Turkish Human Rights Association, Helsinki Watch [source: nv-database]
Opponents: Turkish government: Justice Minister Oltan Sungurlu, Prime Minister Turgut Ozal, amongst others. [source: nv-database]
Classification: Change [source: nv-database]

Outcome

Verdict: lost.

The strikers goals were to ease the harsh regulations imposed on them by the 1988 decree. While the Turkish government agreed to abide by these demands (to a certain degree), their actions did not show it. The brutality continued in the prisons. The campaign began with a relatively small group of prisoners but very quickly grew to encompass 12 prisons across the country with about 2,000 participants. For an especially extreme tactic, the amount of participants is especially impressive. Case Study Details From late June to early September 1989, nearly 2,000 Turkish prisoners underwent a hunger strike. They protested against an August 1988 decree that instituted very harsh measures within the prison system. The Turkish government imposed the decree after 47 prisoners had escaped. Additionally, in June 1989, prison officials found two unfinished escape tunnels and, as a result, imposed even harsher measures. In late June and early July, a small group of prisoners began the hunger strike (in which participants only ingested sugared water and salt) with the goal of easing the harsh regulations. This small strike spread to 12 prisons and encompassed approximately 2,000 prisoners in less than a month. The demonstrators were almost all leftist political advocates or members of the outlawed Kurdish Labor Party. In the first week of August, Justice Minister Oltan Sungurlu accepted most of the strikers’ demands with regards to easing the harsh regulations. But he did not want to allow prisoners to receive outside food packages nor receive more lenient visiting rights. The prisoners were not satisfied, and they continued striking. By the second week in August, two of the hunger strikers were dead, ten were in life-threatening condition, and seventy-two were hospitalized. The two deaths received international attention, as well as attention from Human Rights Watch. The two men, Mehmet Yalcinkaya and Huseyin Husnu Eroglu, died after the prison officers transferred them, along with 260 other prisoners, to Aydin Prison. The officers allegedly chained the prisoners together on the ride over and once there, brutally beat many of the prisoners. Yalcinkaya and Huseyin died shortly thereafter. While the two were indeed participating in the hunger strike, there were very serious allegations that the two were beaten to death. At this point, the Turkish government agreed to meet some of the prisoners’ demands by outlawing physical punishment in the jails. The hunger strike persisted despite this agreement. The physical punishment previously used (and admitted to) included chaining of prisoners, solitary confinement in dark cells, and bread-and-water diets. Mr. Akin Birdal, Secretary-General of the Turkish Human Rights Association, spoke with the hunger strikers in the Aydin prison around the time of this reform and found, however, that any measures to improve the prison system were extremely slow and would take years to work. At the end of August, a human rights organiz… [source: nv-database]

GNVAD scoring: survivalgoals=1 out of 1 points, total points=8 out of 10 points, growth=3 out of 3 points [source: nv-database]

Lessons

Sustained nonviolent action can shape public perception and force concessions even when immediate demands are not met.
Cross-class, cross-sectarian, or cross-partisan coalitions amplify reach and dilute regime repression.

Sources

Global Nonviolent Action Database — [[nv-database]]

Disclaimer: Included as a teaching example of campaign craft, not as an endorsement.

Sources & verification

nv-database — grounding: primary — license: link-only
Last verified: 2026-07-09

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